Difference between Self Confidence and Self Efficacy

Difference between Self Confidence and Self Efficacy When the word self-efficacy is heard, it is often understood as self-confidence by many people. Self-confidence is not the same as self- efficacy. So, what does it mean by self-confidence and self efficacy. According to M. Colman (2002), self-confidence is defined as a trust or assertion in oneself, believing in ones aptitude, making a choice which maybe referring to a general context or to a specific event or doings. Some people recognise self-confidence as self-assurance. On the other hand, according to M. Colman, self-efficacy can be defined as the capability to attain the required outcome. Speaking of perceived self-efficacy generally means that the person has a lot of faith in his or her aptitude that the wanted outcome can be achieved. As mentioned by M. Colman, the concept of self-efficacy was broadly acknowledged in the course of power of Albert Bandura (the founder of the concept Observational Learning) who was born in the year 1925 in Canada but grew up and practised psycho logy in United States of America. This concept of self-efficacy became famous during the 1980s as well as the 1990s, which was later concluded in Banduras book entitled Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, which was only published in the year 1997. According to A. Fast, L. Lewis, J. Bryant, A. Bocian, A. Cardullo, Rettig and Hammond (2010), those with self-efficacy tends to have higher level of desire, higher obligation and are also able to restore themselves after facing with failure better than those with poorer height of self-efficacy. According to Carmona, P. Buunk, Dijkstra and M. Peiro (2008), people with higher levels of self-efficacy tends to view heavy responsibilities as challenge to be tackled other than viewing it as danger or risk that has to be stayed away from at all times. Then arises the second question, does self-efficacy affect performance? For an example, for a person who believes that he or she is very good in mathematics and has all the skills and ability to solve high standard of mathematical problems (especially algebra, trigonometry and calculus); does he or she actually has higher performance level in the mathematics examination at the end of the term? The word performance, according to Hornby (2005) is define as how good or successfully a person carries out an activity. According to M. Colman, the word performance can be understood as the course of administering a series of activities. Carmona, P. Buunk, Dijkstra and M. Peiro (2008) conducted a study on 120 university students, which comprised of 58 Females and 62 Males. The participants in their study were between the ages of 19 to 30 years old (mean age= 22.23 years old). Carmona et al. got the participants to fill up the questionnaire on goal orientation, social comparison responses and self-efficacy (questionnaire entitled Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, which is also known as MSLQ by Pintrich and De Groot, 1990) and were given five EUR each for their willingness to partake in this study. The MSLQ probes on the participants own potential in doing well in their class, course, or their subject. This questionnaire was then matched with the participants second trimester grade (mean of the grade taken) to test on their performance. They found that self-efficacy had a significantly strong positive relationship with performance. In other words, participants with high self- efficacy had high performanc e achievement. The findings of this study do bring substantial understanding as it was conducted among students who should be tested on performance and self-efficacy. This is because students are the people whose self-efficacy is would be different among one another depending on their personality, work load, pressure, family background and so on, thus can be tested against their performance without experiencing any difficulty. In a study conducted by Williams and Williams (2010), the relationship between self-efficacy and mathematics was investigated. This study was done on students ages 15 years old from 33 nations, which includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Indonesia, Thailand, Uruguay and many more countries. One of the measurements used was the Mathematics self-efficacy (how confident are you to solve the mathematical problem were asked). While the other measurement used was the mathematics achievement (open ended question, structured questions and multiple choice questions) where both the measurements were taken from The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003 Mathematics Achievement Test, which focuses on self-efficacy students have on mathematics and compare it with their performance in mathematics. They also found that females have lower level of self-efficacy compared to males where the mathematics is concerned. Although this study was difficult to be carried out as the researches had to find the balance between which grades of the 15 year olds from the various countries would easily match each other to ease the process of this study, the findings of this study can well be generalized due to the wide range of participants. A. Fast, L. Lewis, J. Bryant, A. Bocian, A. Cardullo, Rettig and Hammond (2010) carried out a research among 1163 primary school students which comprised Latino, Caucasion, African American, Asian, Pacific Islanders, Filipino and American Indian in California. There were 594 Females and 569 Males in this study. The participants were given the California Standard Test (CST) for Mathematics and the Student Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ). A. Fast et al. found that students with elevated intensity of self-efficacy had elevated marks in their final math exam given at the end of their term. Although this study was focused only on the Californians, yet the significant results obtained can be accepted as the number of participants was large enough. B. Yeo and Neal (2006) conducted a study on 93 psychology students (mean age=19.53 years old). The participants were inclusive of 36 males, 56 females and 1 unknown gender. The participants were asked to whether two aircraft that put in pairs will collide into each other as they are flying or have a smooth journey without colliding into each other. The preciseness and how fast the participants can guess the answer was noted. A exact answer were given up to 40 points while for a wrong answer, 25 points will be taken away. The general self-efficacy was measures using the New General Self-Efficacy Scale by Chen, Gully and Eden (2001). The results obtained showed that the self-efficacy was related to task performance with a significance, p (p

Online Bus reservation system Essay

1-INTRODUCTION: Bus Reservation System is use for traveling company to manage data, so that all the transactions become fast and there should not be any error in transactions like calculation mistake, bill generation and other things. It replaces all the paper work. It keeps records of all the bills also, given to the customers, so that user could update his daily accounts. All most care and back-up procedures must be established to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized Bus reservation system. 2-PROBLEM IN BRIEF: Seat reservation in bus management system is manually operated by group of people. In this regard many people involve in the activity of of keeping regard of the tickets, BUS, the ‘TIME’ of arrival and ‘DEPARTURE’ train numbers, passengers’ name, address, and gender. If the passenger will be in the large number then managing all of them can become issue. Most of time passengers get late due to the slow and inefficient management by the staff. They get irritated in crowd and feel un-comfortable I n getting of a ticket to go on journey of their desired place. So a reliable way is needed to improve management, decrease cost and make system faster. 2.1-Existing system: Pakistan â€Å"Bus RESERVATION SYSTEM† are neglected by the last government the management of Bus RESERVATION SYSTEM† is not so good. Most of the passengers do not purchase their tickets in advance for return reservation. Because all work is done on note books .having complex reservation. The passengers personal details such as Name, Age, CNIC, destination and Source, bus details like Bus ID,Bus name ,Max seats ,AC or Non AC And Route details like Bus is going from Source to Destination ,Route ID ,Route name are input during booking in. The booking  office orders for preparation of the ticket before his/ her check in date. The documents are transferred manually to the Bus driver to check there tickets .It take so much time. To solve this problem we want to make online reservation system. 2.2-DRAW BACK OF EXSTING SYSTEM: Large amount of clerical time is required. The record maintainability is difficult. Accessibility of accurate information from the past record is difficult. There is always delay in information search and retrieval. It requires many people to carry out a single problem. Lot of human resources is required. Data reliability and maintainability is difficult. Lot amount of records need much place to save. The paper works have to be taken care. Develop a data base system that stores the record of the passengers, tickets, amount, trains details. Passengers, clerks and administration have separate login. Create easy and user friendly environment. Attract user interface to navigate through the system. 2.3-THE PROPOSED SYSTEM: 2.3.1-OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM: The objective of this project is to reserve seats online and to save them from hassles to visit ‘DAEWOO Reservation Centers.’ By doing this, we are not only saving time of public but also saving their cost of traveling/parking to these centers. For Railways it is saving on their infrastructure i.e. Buildings, Air-Conditioning, Electricity, Furniture, Staff etc. this system has also the following objectives. The proposed system is comparatively faster than the existing system. As the proposed system is comparatively faster than the existing system, there will be very less rush and shorter queues at the reservation counters or centers. In the proposed system, we are also making database for all the BUS running across the country. As required, we can edit the database of the BUS and also add  the new BUS which will be proposed in future budgets. The acquisition and maintenance of a relational database with the help of hardware, communication network and software including system design. To assess the system chosen in the project operates in an adequately controlled environment. Whether the application’s control is adequate and if the system is in compliance with rules. Adequate security from possibilities of fraud. To show an effective mechanism to ensure most economic usage of available resources. 2.3.2-SCOPE OF THE SYSTEM: The scope of project included evaluation of the application and was primarily concerned with the transactions related to booking of tickets from the terminals operated by the DAEWOO personnel. The records maintained in the database of the DAEWOO reservation center were also reviewed. Discussions were held with the database users to gain understanding regarding the various functional aspects of the system. Application controls, simulation and online enquiries were used to evaluate data validation and program logic. The selected data, as made available, for substantive checking of the completeness, integrity and consistency of data using computer assisted applications such as JAVA, MS Access and Structured Query Language (SQL). 2.3.3-THE ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTYEM: The system enables easy and fast access to the passenger files. The system provides better data management facilities. The system enable online booking of passenger into the bus reservation office . The system provides performance evaluation of the employees to ensure maximum output from the employees. The system provides security measures to access to the bus reservation system information lowering data security threats. The system help reduce the congestion of passengers ensuring best service output for customer satisfaction purposes. Easy update of the passenger records. High customer service standards attract more passengers to the bus reservation system. Reduction of data entry and processing errors. Greatly reduce paper use at the Bus reservation system. 3 IDENTIFICATION OBJECTS:- The visible objects are the following Bus system (administration) Passengers Rout 4-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:- The system should allow any person to reserve a bus ticket. The passengers can buy a tickets by filling form or after inquiring the tickets availability. The user name can be same but the id should be unique. After getting response from the system administration the user must book tickets and pay charges for that. The printed form of the user should be provided by the clerk if user want to cancel its reservation the administration should return/refund money. 4.1-Administrator Interface: 4.2-Reservation And Print Ticket Interface: 5-Processing requirements: To realize the targeted achievements at the Reservation system will require the following necessities. Although at a high cost, the benefits are outstanding. 5.1-Type of computers: It’s highly advised that the most convenient computers to be used should be minicomputers from authorized dealers most advisedly DELL. This will ensure maximum compatibility, user friendliness, and reliability. 5.2-Operating system: The system analyst advices that the hotel should install WINDOWS 7/windows 8 with an OFFICE 2007 package to realize the maximum potential of the system. The operating system’s high functionality value and the big deal of beneficial tools prompted the system analyst to recommend it as the most advantageous operating system. 5.3-Data processing modes: Batch processing shall be applied at accounts department to generate daily reports for the Booking transactions. 5.4-Networking requirements: Since ensuring efficient and reliable communication at the BUS Terminal is one of the objectives of the system, the system will rely on a network. It’s recommended that good cable be used for PTCL call reservation system. 5.5-Minimum hardware requirements: 250GB hard disks . Computer memory of >1.5GB and processor speed of 2.8GHz Windows 7 operating system 1GB RAM 5.6-Input devices: Keyboards, Mouse. 5.7-Output devices: LCD, speakers, Printers, Plasma Panel. 6- SCOPE OF FEASIBILITY :- Implementing this project idea is supportive and can improve the design, performance and greater usability. The task of performance evaluation of different databases design, for efficiency is in the spirit. 7- MOTIVATION:- This project is dedicated to: Model the existing BUS Reservation system. Provide comprehensive set of features to enhance the operational limits. Evaluate their performance in different scenarios. Suggest modifications for greater efficiency. 8-METHODOLOGIES: The methodology that will be used throughout the development process will be a variation on the waterfall life cycle. As the requirements for the project are unlikely to Change dramatically this methodology will fit the project. If the project looked like the requirements would be changing often a more agile methodology would have been chosen. The waterfall lifecycle works by following a strict path through The development process not moving on to the next stage until the previous stage has been completed. The stages for this project will be: The first stage of the project will involve researching into existing systems, user expectation and then drawing up the requirements of the project. Once we have the functional requirements have been decided upon the Second stage will involve research into the non-functional requirements of the project for instance security and accessibility. Once the functional and non-functional requirements have been decided upon and the technologies to be used have been decided, the system will be design. Once the design process has been completed the implementation stage can begin, although there will be no formal test driven development for this project when new Features are added or code is edited the system will be tested to ensure that no bugs have been introduced into the program. Once the implementation has been completed the entire system will be thoroughly tested. 9-CASE Tool: Microsoft Word 2010 Microsoft Access 2010 Net Beans IDE 7.3 10-Delivery TimeLine Milestone Description Complete 1Proposal and Planning 03/10/2014 2Concept Design TBA 3Primary Page Development TBA 4Secondary Pages TBA 5Review and Testing TBA 6Final SubmissionTBA 11-Conclusion: To develop a system that would computerize the Seat Reservation, the system analyst has been able to come to a successful end of a journey that has seen him through ups and downs, hills and valleys that even seemed impossible to climb. By God’s grace the system analyst has accomplished the dreams that he had when he wrote down the objectives of this system. As he concludes, he is grateful that the system will be able to serve its intended purpose and meet its objectives to the satisfaction of Passengers.

New Step by Step Roadmap for Samples of Proposal Essay Titles

New Step by Step Roadmap for Samples of Proposal Essay Titles Sure, at first, selecting an intriguing proposal essay topic may appear a little challenging. Don't forget your title should give readers a hint what you attempt to talk about in the essay. It's true, you can find with a working title and write it in the top corner, but it does not necessarily mean it should continue being the same after you are finished with an essay. Make a list of everything which you think is interesting and confirm your list with your teacher to be certain that you're staying on topic. Samples of Proposal Essay Titles - What Is It? You will see affordable prices with above average outcomes. Proposal essays are typical in company and science classes and professions, but are also practical for a range of unique disciplines. Based on the area of education where you are in, you want to be sure your readers can observe patterns of evidence presented in order that they can clearly see how you had t he ability to generate and produce insights. There are particular common things that signal the caliber and value of the essays. Since academic essays are popular in the subject of education and research, you must be certain your writing is both logical, interesting and informative. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. Consider your essay is limited regarding word count. Contrary to other academic papers, for instance, research papers, titles for essays need to be more interesting and impressive. The Tried and True Method for Samples of Proposal Essay Titles in Step by Step Detail Researching and deciding upon an intriguing topic is the principal point of writing an essay. Now you have a notion about what a proposal essay is and the way to pick the suitable topic to compose your own essay, here are a few examples of proposal essay topics. For example, you will probably learn to choose or make a best essay topic. Informative essay exam ples may be used for references. This can help you develop a really impressive paper. Essay outline functions as a spine for writing essays. As a result, if making your essay title creative and fresh, you'll surely get a great grade. Every one of the body paragraphs of your writing is going to be filled with all the needed evidence and processed diligently! In some instances, a proposal letter needs to obey a specific format and fashion, while in different cases, it might be more freeform in nature. Now you are aware that proposal essay has to be done utilizing the prescribed form. Get your organization proposal letter done by means of a group of professional in less than 24 hours. To put it simply, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. Our experts allow you to comprehend what is needed when you're choosing proposal essay topics. Of importance always pick a topic which you like. Try to remember, proposal essays serve a purpose beyond academia. The Most Popular Samples of Proposal Essay Titles Whichever course you select, be certain to indicate the overall cost of the undertaking. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. This kind of proposal is called a sole-source proposal. To compose a thriving research paper, you have to understand how to compose a research proposal in a manner it passes through the thesis committee. How to Choose Samples of Proposal Essay Titles To begin with, you must consider what words you may use to help describe your topic the very best. The motive of your essay is crucial to be regarded as as it can identify whether you may be of help to the folks who want a distinct educational reference. Your academic essay should evoke an emotion that is needed to spark different ideas, opinions and other types of responses. Always keep in mind that it should be playful it must not bore your audience. Ok, I Think I Understand Samples of Proposal Essay Titles, Now Tell Me About Sampl es of Proposal Essay Titles! Not everybody can write the very best essay and should you don't have the time to do the suitable quantity of research and compose the paper within the deadline, you might find yourself struggling and stressing out. Assuming you have some idea on the overall area you want to deal with in your essay, the upcoming crucial step is choosing listing down anything you know on the problem. Now that you know that which we can provide you, it's time to commence. With this undertaking, it could not just fix an issue temporarily but also for a lengthier use. To put it simply, an academic essay may be an evidence of the depth of your research procedures and the rest of the activities you have executed so you can support the content of your written output. Writing an essay will have become a skill you've acquired over time by creating a methodology of response. Students who find they lack the skills necessary to research and formulate decent essay topic ideas should look at getting assistance from our experts. The course materials you require to speak about within an academic essay can reflect your degree of understanding about the topic. A normal proposal letter comprises a succinct discussion of the problem the proposal is supposed to address, and a summary of the salient data in the proposal. You will be able to tell if an argument has one side as you won't actually be in a position to compose a proposal essay about it. Reveal evidence following your thesis statement presentation. The Debate Over Samples of Proposal Essay Titles Proposal letters usually include things like time and cost estimates together with a concise explanation of how the proposal will do the job. The fact which you don't understand how to compose the proposal letter doesn't signify that you ought ton't get investors to your company. This has been shown to be an extremely powerful and quick method to aid with a writing assignment and find the business don e properly. Plan of action here, your task is to explain how you intend to attain the proposal. The Samples of Proposal Essay Titles Game Essays are able to look very dull sometimes. Making an essay isn't an easy job.

Common Problems of Freshmen Students - 3749 Words

UNIVERSITY OF THE VISAYAS COLON STREET, CEBU CITYS.Y. 2010-2011â€Å" COMMON PROBLEMS OF THE FRESHMEN STUDENTS†This study is a partial fulfillment of the students of English 2 (writing in discipline).Mw/3:30-5:00 pmSubmitted by: Group 1Submitted to:Ms. Joliza S. Alcantara 2. CHAPTER IPROBLEM STATEMENT AND RATIONALE FOR THE STUDYRationale of the studyWhile time spent at college is a fond memory and a happy experience for most, college life is not without its rough patches and problems. While each person’s problems are unique to their current circumstances, we know that there are a few problems that almost all college students deal with at least once during their time at school. If you are on your way into college you might want to get a jump on†¦show more content†¦These elements also find themselves in the dynamics of sexual discovery between college students, and if not guided properly, their injection into this discourse, as well as this topic in its own right, can serve as another challenging element for first year students. Finally, managing finances and maintaining financial viability is a challenge for all students, particularly first year student. 4. Also, in college, students are free to manage their own schedules and their own time. Because of this, they arrange classes wrong (too early, too late, too far apart), which sets them up for disaster and offers too much temptation not attending classes at all. On the same token, they do not have the organizational skills needed to ensure that the proper amount of time is allotted to finish projects and reading assignments in a timely way, yet still ensuring high standards. Many freshmen do not have the study skills and discipline they need to immediately be successful. They often do not make use of resources available to them (tutoring, remediation, study skills classes, or office hours of professors). Consequently, many freshmen end up dropping out of school in first year of college. In addition, many freshmen’s enters college with unrealistic expectation. They are not certain what to expect or they believe that the college experience will be much like the high school expe rience. This is not the case and many times they find that they willShow MoreRelatedStudy Habits1368 Words   |  6 Pages. College students, especially freshmen, are a group particularly prone to stress (DZurilla Sheedy, 1991) due to the transitional nature of college life (Towbes Cohen, 1996). They must adjust to being away from home for the first time, maintain a high level of academic achievement, and adjust to a new social environment. 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